ABSTRACT
Background: Hand hygiene practices either by hand rub by disinfectant or hand washing by soap and water are very important for preventing Health care-associated infections (HCAIs). WHO have devised guidelines for hand rub and hand wash and advocated “My five moments for hand hygiene” as the approach for appropriate performance, teaching and evaluation of hand hygiene. The objective of this study is to observe hand hygiene practices, among health care providers in a tertiary care govt. hospital and document facilities available at the point of patient care for hand hygiene practices.Methods: A cross sectional observation study was conducted in 8 departments of a Government Tertiary care Hospital for observation of hand hygiene practices as Per WHO Guideline on “5 Moment of Care”. Total of 600 observations were made and one Health care provider was observed once at a point of time. Data Entry was done in MS excel and was analysed in Open Epi software.Results: Among 600 moments observed, 354 (59%) moments were those where hand hygiene practices were missed by HCPs. Among various HCPs 63% Doctors, 62% Nurses, 52% Medical students and 59% nursing students missed the hand hygiene practices. Lack of antimicrobial soap, alcohol based agents, sterile towel and hand drier were perceived barriers for hand hygiene Practices.Conclusions: There lies a huge gap in practice of hand hygiene among all cadres of health care providers. The study is able to identify the lack of infrastructure which can be improved to promote hand hygiene in wards.
ABSTRACT
Objective. To assess the satisfaction of parents with the immunization services and its association with their sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. The study was a part of the coverage evaluation survey conducted using the WHO 30 cluster sampling methodology in the Urban slums of Lucknow district, north India. Analysis for a total of 388 respondents of completely or partially immunized children, was done to assess the level of satisfaction and its determinants. Results.The overall satisfaction was more than 90% in the respondents of both the categories of the children, however the difference between the satisfaction rates was found to be significant. Also the satisfaction with accessibility (p<0.04) and information given by the health worker (p<0.00) differed significantly between completely and partially immunized. Most of the sociodemographic factors were not found to have a significant association with the satisfaction related to different parameters of the immunization services. Conclusion. The dissatisfaction regarding the various aspects of immunization services emphasizes the imperative need to intervene, for the achieving the goal of universal immunization.
Subject(s)
Chi-Square Distribution , Child Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Care Surveys , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Immunization/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , India , Infant , Male , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Patient Satisfaction , Poverty Areas , Probability , Risk Assessment , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
CONTEXT: To find out the suitable factors for raising the coverage of immunization. AIMS: To determine the coverage and to identify the various factors of primary immunization. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Urban slums of Lucknow district. METHODS AND MATERIAL: WHO 30-cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of the subjects. Mother, father or relative of a total of 510 children with 17 children per cluster were interviewed in the study. Statistical Analysis: Chi-square test, binary logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression analysis were done to test the statistical significance of the association. RESULTS: About 44% of the children studied were fully immunized. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that an illiterate mother (OR=4.0), Muslim religion (OR=2.5), scheduled caste or tribes (OR=2.3) and higher birth order (OR approximately 2) were significant independent predictors of the partial immunized status of the child; while those associated with the unimmunized status of the child were low socioeconomic status (OR=10.8), Muslim religion (OR=4.3), higher birth order (OR=4.3), home delivery (OR=3.6) and belonging to a joint family (OR=2.1). Conclusions: The status of complete immunization is about half of what was proposed to be achieved under the Universal Immunization Program. This emphasizes the imperative need for urgent intervention to address the issues of both dropout and lack of access, which are mainly responsible for partial immunization and nonimmunization respectively.